Macro trick

Sometimes you need to create some enum, and for each of the values you want to assign some additional information – a string. Imagine a lookup function that based on some constant returns a description of the provided value.

Nothing special – first thing that comes to your mind might be a global instance of std::map, right?

enum Color { Red, Green, Blue };

std::map<Color, std::string> kColors{
    {Red, "#ff0000"}, {Green, "#00ff00"}, {Blue, "#0000ff"}};

std::string HTML(const Color color) { return kColors[color]; }

We have constants for colors, we store HTML values for each of the color constant and when there is a need to check its html value we just do a lookup. Simple as that. However there are two major things that are wrong with this code:

1. std::map has O(log N) lookup times
2. std::string sounds unnecessary because we do not plan to modify the lookup table

Lookup function might hurt, and std::string seems overkill.

While we can use std::unordered_map which might improve our lookup times to O(1) on average, there is better solution:

enum Color { Red, Green, Blue };

const char *HTML(const Color color) {
  switch (color) {
  case Red:
    return "#ff0000";
  case Green:
    return "#00ff00";
  case Blue:
    return "#0000ff";
  default:
    return nullptr;
  }
}

Compilers are smart enough to output a lookup table for our switch statement. This gives us a O(1) constant lookup time which is a nice improvement over original O(log N).

There is still another problem with this solution though.

Code duplication. Every time you plan to add new value to your enum you have to update the switch statement too manually – and manual process is almost always source of mistakes and it requires an action. How to solve this problem and maintain a constant O(1) lookup times?

Preprocessor macro.

#define ENUM_COLORS(XX) \
  XX(Red, "#ff0000")    \
  XX(Green, "#00ff00")  \
  XX(Blue, "#0000ff")

enum Color {
#define XX(name, value) name,
  ENUM_COLORS(XX)
#undef XX
      Unknown
};

const char *HTML(const Color color) {
  switch (color) {
#define XX(name, value) \
  case name:            \
    return value;
    ENUM_COLORS(XX)
#undef XX
  default:
    return nullptr;
  }
}

int main() {
  std::cout << HTML(Red) << '\n';
  std::cout << HTML(Green) << '\n';
  std::cout << HTML(Blue) << '\n';
};

Now adding new color is just adding new line to the ENUM_COLORS macro.

What about function that returns actual name of the color?

const char *Name(const Color color) {
  switch (color) {
#define XX(name, value) \
  case name:            \
    return #name;
    ENUM_COLORS(XX)
#undef XX
  default:
    return nullptr;
  }
}

Lets explore this idea further. Lets say we want to list all the colors we have in our enum. First we need a code to populate a list which values we know.

constexpr struct {
  const char *name;
  const char *value;
} kColors[] = {
#define XX(name, value) { #name, value },
ENUM_COLORS(XX)
#undef XX
  {nullptr, nullptr}
};

And actual code for listing all the colors and values:

for (auto *it = kColors; it->name != nullptr; ++it) {
  std::cout << it->name << "=" << it->value << '\n';
}